Onsen / 温泉

What is Onsen?

“Onsen” [Hot Springs] is defined as “water, mineral water, water vapor and other gas (excluding natural gas whose major component is hydrocarbons) continuously flowing out from the ground, having the temperature of 25 degrees Celsius or more, or containing at least one of the 19 substances listed on the list including Sulphur, by “Hot Springs Act” in Japan. Onsen [hot springs] has a long history and are even mentioned in "Kojiki" ["Records of Ancient Matters" (A.D. 712)] and "Nihonshoki" ["The Chronicles of Japan" (A.D. 720)], which are considered the oldest books in Japan. Onsen [hot springs] are considered sacred, since the variety of components contained are said to cure illness and improve physical conditions.
Therefore, when the temperature reaches 25 degrees Celsius or more, it is regarded as an Onsen, and when it contains a specified volume of substances (one or more of these 19 items) even when the temperature is less than 25 degrees Celsius, it is regarded as an Onsen at the same time. And as long as such conditions are met, water vapor or gas can be an Onsen as well.

Onsen [hot springs] have various characteristics such as the chemical composition, temperature, properties of liquid (pH), color, smell, taste, and texture. The quality of Onsen [hot springs] spring water is determined by chemical compounds and the contained amount and are classified into 10 types according to the dissolved components of: Simple Thermal Spring, Carbon Dioxide Spring, Sodium Bicarbonate Saline Spring, Chloride Spring, Iodine Spring, Sulphate Spring, Iron [Ferruginous] Spring, Sulphur Spring, Acidic Spring, and Radioactive Spring.
*If a certain Onsen [hot springs] does not meet the requirement of pure spring water, it will no longer be labelled as Onsen [hot springs], and it is described as “Onsen [hot springs] given in Hot Spring Act” or “Onsen [hot springs] given in Article 2 of Hot Spring Act” in Hot Spring Analysis instead.
Of all the types, the Sulfur Spring is relatively common onsen [hot springs] in Japan and contains 2 mg or more of total sulfur in 1 Kg of hot onsen [hot spring] spring and is said to be effective for skin diseases such as atopic dermatitis and chronic eczema. Spring is called a Therapeutic Spring or Recuperation Spring if it is "able to be used especially for the purpose of treatment". Some springs are effective for treating certain symptoms, while others are contraindicated for symptoms or illness and must be avoided. According to the Onsen [hot springs] Law, "Persons offering hot springs for public bathing or drinking springs must post notices in conspicuous places within the facilities regarding the composition of the hot springs, contraindications, and precautions for bathing or drinking springs as specified by an ordinance of the Ministry of the Environment" and the notices are posted close to the entrance of the onsen facility and other spots.

Guidelines for taking Onsen [Hot Springs]

Onsen [hot springs] are located throughout Japan and are very popular among the tourists from overseas as one of the cultural experiences to be made during the stay. Some may feel uneasy, not knowing how to take a bath properly or about bathing in front of the public. However, many persons who were apprehensive before trying onsen [hot springs], are repeating after the experience. Lately, there has been an increase in the number of accommodation facilities with private open-air baths in guest rooms, hotels with private baths for families, and facilities for visitors to enjoy various indoor and outdoor onsen [hot springs] while wearing swimsuits. Some onsen [hot springs] have foot baths to put your feet in, so take a chance for experience.

Bathing etiquette for Onsen [hot springs]:
(1) Hydrate before and after bathing. *Bathing deprives the moisture of the body.
(2) Do NOT bathe after drinking alcohol. *May result in falls and dehydration.
(3) When bathing, please remove all clothing including your underwear or swimsuit (unless otherwise indicated).
(4) Pour water on yourself with a wash basin 3-5 times before entering the bath. *This prevents a sudden debilitating rise in blood pressure.
(5) Wash yourself thoroughly before getting into the bathtub.
(6) Do NOT jump into the bathtub.
(7) Do NOT wash yourself in the bathtub.
(8) Do NOT put towels in the bathtub, to keep the water clean.
(9) Do NOT swim in the bathtub.
(10) Do NOT wash clothes or underwear in the bathtub.
(11) Please wipe off excess water before returning to the changing room.
(12) Please observe etiquette to enjoy the onsen.
Source: JAPAN ONSEN ASSOCIATION
There are other rules and regulations that apply to each onsen facility and hotel, check before taking the Onsen [hot springs]. Please note that there is still a negative impression about tattoos in Japan, because tattoo was used to be one of the ways to punish the criminals. Even today, some facility may refuse entry to onsen of persons with tattoos. Please refer to the rules and the regulations of the onsen facility or hotel of your choice in advance, if you or someone in your party has tattoos and is planning for the Onsen [hot springs].

Major Onsen in the Chubu Region

Aichi

Aichi Prefecture does not own volcanic onsen [hot springs] but has Onsen with beautiful coastlines and spectacular views of valleys.
The onsen [hot springs] resorts in the Aichi Prefecture are; the Kira Onsen Resort overlooking the Mikawa Bay with the view of Kira Waikiki Beach stretching out; the Nishiura Onsen is located at the tip of the Nishiura Peninsula surrounded by the sea; the Minamichita Onsengou [Onsen Village], a catch-all name for onsen on the southwest coast of the Chita Peninsula having superb views of the Ise Bay; and at the Yuya Onsen, enjoy the rich nature of Horai-kyo Gorge from an outdoor onsen.

Shizuoka

Shizuoka has numbers of renowned historical sites, superb views of Mt. Fuji and other peaks, and the beautiful natural scenery of white sandy beaches contrasting with the blue-green sea. With the numbers of famous onsen, it is not an exaggeration to call this area an “onsen paradise”. Atami Onsen, one of the major onsen in Japan, opened in the 700s and is said to have been visited by Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu. Ito Onsen, another one of the major onsen, had many cultural figures and artists stayed. Doi Onsen is a place to watch a beautiful sunset over the Suruga Bay while relaxing in the onsen. There is no end to the onsen resorts to recommend, Kanzanji Onsen for instance, has a wonderful view of Lake Hamana and is a convenient base for sightseeing with a variety of leisure spots in the neighborhood.

Nagano

Nagano Prefecture, rich in nature, is surrounded by 3,000-meter-high mountains and rivers flowing between the mountains. The unique inland climate makes a large difference in the temperature. The Asama Onsen, located about 10 minutes by car from the National Treasure Matsumoto Castle, is known for being used as a bathhouse by the lord of Matsumoto Castle in the olden days. Shirahone Onsen has a magnificent panoramic view of the mountains and valleys of the Northern Japan Alps, where the clear water becomes cloudy when exposed to the air. Nozawa Onsen is an old onsen town with an evocative atmosphere and is one of the onsen resorts in Yudanaka Shibu Onsen area. Jigokudani Onsen is home to the Jigokudani Yaen-koen [Jigokudani Monkey Park], famous for the monkeys bathing in the onsen.

Gifu

Gifu Prefecture is home of the Old Township, traditional culture, and World Heritage sites. Gero Onsen, known for the smooth spring water, good for "bathing beauties" also enjoy a stroll through the hot spring resort. Hirayu Onsen, the oldest onsen in the Okuhida Onsengo Hot Springs area in Takayama, famous for a therapeutic onsen resort when a white monkey bathed in the onsen to cure the wound. Nagaragawa Onsen, located at the foot of Mt. Kinka, has views of the Gifu Castle and the Nagara River, known for the cormorant fishing. Hida Takayama Onsen has a charming old township along the mountains of the Northern Japan Alps.

Mie

Mie Prefecture has long been a destination with the "Ise Jingu" [shrine] and the "Kumano Kodo" Pilgrimage Trail along with the luxurious onsen. The historical onsen areas are, the "Futami Onsen" the base for worshiping at the "Ise Jingu" with a spectacular view of the Ise Bay along with the "Meotoiwa" [the rocks of the married couple]. Yunomine Onsen District, known as the oldest spa in Japan, where people purified themselves before visiting Kumano in ancient days. Sakakibara Onsen flourished as a transportation hub for piligrims visiting Ise Jingu. Yunoyama Onsen is a place to enjoy beautiful views of Mount Gozaisho, has been operating onsen since the 700s.

Shiga

Shiga Prefecture, prospered as a major transportation hub, is home to many attractions, including Lake Biwa, the largest lake in Japan, and the National Treasure Hikone Castle. Ogoto Onsen prospered as the gate town of Enryakuji Temple on Mt. Hieizan. Sugatani Onsen, where Oichi no Kata, the sister of Oda Nobunaga, is said to have visited for an onsen cure, is located on the site of the Nagahama Castle built by Toyotomi Hideyoshi. There are many onsen resorts in the prefecture with a deep connection to history.

Fukui

Fukui is home to many unique onsen and is blessed with scenic natural beauties of the rough waves of the Sea of Japan, the powerful Tojinbo Cliffs, and the world-important wetlands of the Five Lakes of Mikata. There are many recommended hot springs resorts with beautiful views, such as Awara Onsen, one of the leading onsen resorts in the Hokuriku Region, known as the "drawing room in the back in Kansai" being the most suitable base for sightseeing. Mikuni Onsen overlooks the Sea of Japan and is just 10-minute drive from the famous rock formations at Tojinbo Cliffs. Takanosu Onsen crossing the suspension bridge is also rich in natural beauty.

Ishikawa

Ishikawa Prefecture is blessed with magnificent natural surroundings and historical townscapes, starting with the Kenrokuen Garden, one of the three most famous gardens in Japan, the Higashi Chaya District, and the Shiroyone Senmaida Rice Terraces on the slope facing the Sea of Japan. Wakura Onsen is the largest onsen resort in the Hokuriku Region, with a long history and believed to have been opened in the early 800s. Yamashiro Onsen was loved by many cultural figures and the onsen is known as the onsen that "Yatagarasu" [the Three-Legged Crow] healed the wound at the beginning. The other famous onsen is the Yuwaku Onsen, also known as the "back room of Kanazawa", which is said to have been enjoyed by the feudal lord of Kaga for therapy.

Toyama

Toyama Prefecture is a treasure trove of spectacular scenery, with the Kurobe Gorge, the Tateyama Kurobe Alpine Route, and the Gokayama Villages known for the Gassho-style houses. There are many onsen worth a visit at least once, starting with the Unazuki Onsen, the base for sightseeing in the Kurobe Gorge which has spectacular views all year round. Himi Onsen Village has magnificent views of the Tateyama Mountain Range and beautiful sunrises, and the Mikurigaike Onsen having the highest point in Japan, halfway along the Tateyama Kurobe Alpine Route.

Destinations

Hamanako [Lake Hamana] / 浜名湖 (Shizuoka)

Lake Hamana is a brackish-water lake that spans the boundaries of Hamamatsu and Kosai cities. With a circumference of 114 km, it is the largest brackish-water lake in Japan. Eels, seaweed, oysters, an....

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Atami / 熱海 (Shizuoka)

Atami is celebrated as one of the finest hot spring resorts in Japan. It is said that not only did Tokugawa Ieyasu visit Atami Onsen for a hot-spring cure, but he also had the restoratively gentle spa....

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Togakushi / 戸隠 (Nagano)

Togakushi is located in the northwestern part of Nagano City and was once visited by many ascetic practitioners as a sacred site. The area is designated as Myoko-Togakushi renzan National Park, where ....

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Kamikochi / 上高地 (Nagano)

Kamikochi is located in the west of Nagano Prefecture, on the border with Gifu Prefecture, at an altitude of about 1,500 meters. Although 1.2 million people visit every year, Kamikochi retains much of....

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Cormorant Fishing on the Nagara River / ぎふ長良川の鵜飼 (Gifu)

Cormorant fishing is a traditional fishing method practiced mainly in China and Japan, characterized by the use of birds called cormorants to catch sweetfish, etc. Four species of cormorants live in J....

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Hida Takayama / 飛騨高山 (Gifu)

The central area of Takayama City is called "Old Town" and is also known as "Hida's Little Kyoto" due to its well-preserved castle town and merchant town, including restaurants and souvenir stores con....

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Shirakawa-go / 白川郷 (Gifu)

Renowned for its gassho style and unique buildings perfect for the local climate, Shirakawa-go and Gokayama Gassho style Village were designated as an Important Preservation District for Groups of Tra....

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Tojinbo Cliffs / 東尋坊 (Fukui)

Tojinbo Cliff is the most famous tourist attraction in Fukui Prefecture. The huge, vertical, pillar-shaped rocks cluster along the coastline for about a kilometer, an arresting view. The sight of the ....

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Gokayama / 五箇山 (Toyama)

Gokayama is a region of forty small villages nestled in abundant nature in Nanto City, Toyama Prefecture, famous for its houses built in the gassho-style, which represent Japan's wooden culture. In 19....

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Nagoya Travel Guide